Review on synthesis and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds

Abstract

This review article thoroughly analyzes the natural triterpene squalene, highlighting its importance in biology, cosmetics, and medicine. It describes the structure, biological functions (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging), natural and synthetic sources, and methods of action of squalene in dermatology. Standard dermatological medications, new technology including nanocarriers, and plant-based cosmetic formulations are highlighted in the review article. It has been demonstrated that squalene and its derivatives, such as vitamins A, E, K, coenzyme Q10, and β-carotene, improve skin health, reduce inflammation, and guard against UV ray damage. Furthermore, squalene's promise as a multipurpose agent in cosmetic dermatology that supports skin protection, regeneration, and innovative therapeutics is confirmed by the synthesis routes, toxicological investigations, and both in vitro and in vivo studies.