Nanotechnology in biofilm control: emerging formulations and therapeutic potential

Abstract

Nanotechnology offers novel methods for eliminating biofilms through the use of nanoparticles and nanostructures capable of infiltrating biofilm matrix, delivering antimicrobial chemicals with precision, and disrupting biofilm development. Nanoparticles, including silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), and mesoporous silica, have demonstrated efficacy against bacterial and fungal biofilms. Certain nanoparticles, such as ZnO are acknowledged as safe by the FDA owing to their minimal toxicity. Nanotechnological platforms enhance drug bioavailability, stability, and controlled release, while minimizing negative effects and augmenting tissue penetration. Advantages include targeted delivery, efficient penetration, reduced toxicity, and synergistic action when combined with antimicrobial peptides or antibiotics. Disadvantages of nanomaterials include potential toxicity, stability issues, and challenges in encapsulation and clinical translation due to energy requirements in specific activation techniques. Nanotechnology has progressed to create systems for the co-delivery of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics with stimulus-responsive release mechanisms. Ultrasound-activated nanoplates exhibit dual antibacterial activity and facilitate oxygen generation, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The green synthesis of nanomaterials utilizing plant extracts enhances safety and environmental sustainability. Nanocomposite materials and dendrimer-based devices improve biofilm targeting and penetration. Nanotechnology enables several therapeutic approaches, such as liposomes, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions to enhance antimicrobial delivery. Photothermal and photodynamic therapies can effectively eliminate biofilms, utilizing ultrasound-assisted activation for targeted bacterial eradication.