Diagnostic biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease: The present and the future

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive nervous system disorder that is familiar as a common neurodegenerative disorder. PD requires precise biomarkers for prodromal and preclinical diagnosis, to provide quality treatment during the initial phase of PD. Such biomarkers may be efficient enough to monitor the progression of disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments in the discovery of biomarkers of PD based on biochemical (urate, protein DJ-1, 𝛼-synuclein, peptides, IGF-1, homocysteine etc.) and genetic factors. Significant progress has been made in research on biomarkers for PD and a growing number of candidate biomarkers have been identified for PD, but they do not have satisfactory specificity when used individually. Therefore, a comprehensive composition of multimodal biomarkers can improve diagnostic accuracy and simplify personalized medicine implementation.