Thesis & Dissertation (Postgraduate Programs in Disaster Management)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10361/105

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Open Access
Factors and impacts of water logging in the city life of Malibagh, Dhaka
(BRAC University, 2025-09) Yasmin, Faria; Bhuyan, Md. Rashed; Department of Architecture
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh and one of the world’s most densely populated mega-cities, is situated along the northeastern banks of Buriganga River. Rapid urbanization puts immense pressure on Dhaka resources. The urban expansion has led to numerous challenges, including traffic congestion, air and water pollution and waste management. One of the significant problems in Dhaka is waterlogging, particularly during the monsoon season. Reported contributing factors include poor drainage infrastructure, lack of maintenance, natural siltation, and waste accumulation blocking drainage paths. However, detailed account of the impact of waterlogging in everyday life in Dhaka often remain ignored in the literature. This study explores the factors of seasonal water logging and their impacts on the city life of Malibagh area, Dhaka. Media and newspaper coverage suggested to identify the study and a reconnaissance survey helped to finalize the study area of this research. This study follows qualitative research approach in conducting data collection to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences of the citizens of Malibagh area. The study uses observation, questionnaire survey and interview as forms of data collection. Collected data were analyzed to identify the main factors of waterlogging in the study area. Findings show that the consequences of waterlogging are far-reaching – disrupting daily life, causing traffic jams, spreading waterborne diseases, damaging roads, and increasing construction and maintenance costs. Waterlogging in the study area not only harms the environment and society but also imposes significant economic costs. The findings suggest improved drainage systems, effective waste management & regular cleaning, water flow regulation in natural drainage channels as ways to mitigate the multifaceted impacts of waterlogging in Dhaka.
Open Access
Vulnerability assessment due to salinity intrusion in Koyra, Khulna, Bangladesh: a multi-dimensional analysis of environmental and socio-economic factors
(BRAC University, 2026-01) Rahimu, Tunazzina; Mannan, Md. Abdul; Department of Architecture
Koyra upazila in Khulna, located in the southwestern region of Bangladesh, is facing an escalating vulnerability to salinity intrusion due to climate change-induced sea-level rise and other environmental stressors. This research aimed to assess the multi-dimensional vulnerabilities of Koyra to salinity intrusion by developing an index and later suggest future adaptation strategies. The study employed a comprehensive methodology integrating thorough data collection and robust analysis with a mixed method approach. Scientific data have been utilized to analyse the physical and environmental characteristics of the area, while different surveys were done to gather information on primary socio-economic vulnerabilities which was further validated. A total of 47 indicators related to social, economic, physical, institutional, health, gender, agriculture and environmental aspects were identified and then sorted into vulnerability components exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Statistical tools and triangulation methods have been used to analyze the data and then with the IPCC and UNDRR framework, a qualitative vulnerability index was developed through which 04 major aspects were categorized into high, moderate, and low vulnerability levels. The study showed that environmental exposure is excessively high and over 50% of the residents reported a significant increase in salinity over the past decade which is reflected on the health sensitivity. Almost 80% people reported recurring occurrences of waterborne diseases while at the same time over 60% residents reported the healthcare facilities are quite poor. The agricultural sensitivity is high- over 90% of farmers reported notable loss in crop yield and profit. Around 45% provided positive feedback on salt-tolerant seeds. Early warning access is rather high with 80% of people revealed getting frequent warnings. Many farmers have resorted to alternative livelihoods and crop diversification. Yet over 60% of the population feel financially insatiable and the recovery rate is slow. Disaster frequency and duration in Koyra is utterly high and institutions to fight this are in doubt of efficacy which is shown when only 15% of the residents reported local government to be thoughtful of community needs. There is a high dependency ratio within families but high social cohesion among neighbours. All the data determined that the overall vulnerability in Koyra is high to very high. Based on the findings, 03 adaptation strategies were pointed out which are moulded to address the context-specific vulnerabilities in Koyra and these are community owned rainwater harvesting, upscaling and maintaining of supply chain of government subsidized salt-tolerant seeds and facilitating SME loans to women to promote alternative livelihoods and training, skill development and knowledge building.
Open Access
Reality versus fiction: a crunch model-based analysis of the portrayal of vulnerability in Bangla disaster film
(BRAC University, 2025) Khan, Ananna; Ghani, Shams Mansoor; Department of Architecture
Film is a powerful medium for shaping audience perceptions and beliefs, particularly in disaster studies, where it can effectively disseminate information on disaster management and risk mitigation to build resilient communities. While the disaster film genre is well-established in Hollywood and other industries, Bangla disaster films remain underdeveloped and under-researched. Despite the prevalence of war films in Bangladesh and West Bengal, few have been examined from a disaster management perspective. This study aims to fill that gap by exploring how the progression of vulnerability is portrayed in Bangla disaster films through the lens of the Crunch Model. Two Crunch Models, real-event-based and fiction-based, were generated for comparative analysis. The study employs a qualitative case study approach, analyzing Bangla disaster films through qualitative content analysis. Initially, a broad analysis was conducted to understand the portrayal of disasters, followed by the selection of eight films categorized into natural and human-induced disasters. The selection ensured inclusivity of vulnerable populations, with a focus on analyzing the progression of vulnerability. Unlike international disaster films that rely on spectacular visuals and sound effects, Bangla disaster films resonate emotionally, evoking a sense of emptiness and melancholy. Real-event-based models provide macro-level insights into systemic and structural factors like historical contexts, governance failures, and socio-economic disparities contributing to vulnerability. In contrast, fiction-based models offer a micro-level perspective, emphasizing human and emotional dimensions. Most films focus on unsafe conditions during the immediate disaster phase, with some referencing past events and dynamic pressures but often neglecting root causes. This study serves as a baseline for future research on Bangla disaster films and highlights the potential of films to shape audience perceptions. It concludes with a call for a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach among stakeholders to foster resilience in Bengal’s challenging context.
Open Access
Women's vulnerability: exploring the condition of earthquake in Qadis district, Badghis, Afghanistan
(BRAC University, 2025-09) Hashemzadeh, Shahin; Kabir, Md. Humayun; Department of Architecture
Gender roles in disasters often reinforce existing inequalities, exacerbating the vulnerabilities faced by women and perpetuating discrimination. Traditional societal expectations often limit women's access to resources, decision-making power, and protection during and after disasters. The division of labor often assigns men to physically demanding tasks, while relegating women to caregiving and domestic roles hinders women's participation in disaster response and reduces their agency. This study aims to explore the contrasting conditions of women's vulnerability in the context of an earthquake in the Qadis district, Badqis province, Afghanistan. Earthquakes pose significant risks to human life and infrastructure, but the gendered dimensions of vulnerability remain underexamined. By examining the experiences and challenges faced by both men and women in the aftermath of an earthquake, this research sheds light on the unique vulnerabilities and coping strategies employed by each gender. The paper utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative interviews and surveys to gather comprehensive data. The research examines the accessibility and effectiveness of existing disaster management and response mechanisms in addressing both genders' specific needs and concerns. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance earthquake preparedness and response strategies that address the unique needs and vulnerabilities of both men and women. It emphasizes the importance of promoting gender mainstreaming and inclusive decision-making processes in disaster management policies. By understanding and addressing gender-specific vulnerabilities, policymakers, NGOs, and community organizations can contribute to more equitable and effective disaster mitigation, response, and recovery efforts in Qadis district, Badqis province, Afghanistan.
Open Access
Assessing climate vulnerability and resilience among urban female adolescents: a study in Dhaka’s Korail slum
(BRAC University, 2025-05) Syed, Md. Abu; Rahman, Md. Mijanur; Ferdaus, Muhammad; Department of Architecture
Access to safe and clean water is a critical challenge in the saline-affected coastal areas of Bangladesh, particularly during emergencies such as natural disasters. Rising sea levels, storm surges, and cyclones frequently cause salinity intrusion, contaminating freshwater supplies and exacerbating water scarcity, thereby posing a threat to public health. Conventional water delivery systems are often disrupted, leading to an increase in the incidence of waterborne diseases among local communities. Without prompt intervention, communities may resort to using contaminated water sources, resulting in health issues and socioeconomic stress. In this regard, this study aims to assess the coverage and effectiveness of existing clean water interventions in the study area during emergencies, evaluate people's knowledge, attitudes, practices, affordability, and choices regarding these options, and identify the gap between policy and practice regarding safe water options in saline-prone coastal areas. To conduct this research, a cross-sectional study was designed using a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. In this regard, both primary data collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and secondary data, sourced from relevant literature, journal articles, and government reports, are used here. Stratified random sampling for quantitative approach and purposive sampling for qualitative approach are employed to conduct the research. The study finds that access to safe water during emergencies is significantly hindered due to the limited efficacy of essential water technologies, including rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS), Pond Sand Filters (PSFs), and desalination plants, which often malfunction during disasters caused by salinity intrusion, flooding, infrastructure damage, and power outages. More than ninety-nine percent of respondents indicated a scarcity of potable water during emergencies, with women and children disproportionately burdened by the necessity of retrieving water from extensive distances. Notwithstanding the presence of community initiatives like rainwater harvesting and desalination plant, these efforts are hindered by insufficient knowledge, poor maintenance, and limited institutional support. Despite the prevalence of waterborne infections, numerous individuals refrain from pursuing clean water. Although non-governmental organizations (NGOs) significantly contribute to the establishment of water infrastructure, over fifty percent of these systems become nonfunctional during disasters. A comprehensive strategy should be formulated that incorporates implementing hybrid and climate-resilient water infrastructures, safeguarding freshwater sources, investing in mobile desalination units, enhancing community training and disaster committees, and undertaking initiatives to improve infrastructure and multi-stakeholder coordination to ensure sustainable and equitable access to safe water during emergencies.
Open Access
Guided incrementalism: informal spatial adaptation and the future of migrant housing in Bangladesh
(BRAC University, 2025-09) Sharma, Rakesh; Reza, Mohammad Habib; Department of Architecture
Environmental migration is transforming the built environment of cities in the Global South. As a universal adaptation strategy, migration often arises when other forms of adaptation fail in response to socioeconomic uncertainty and environmental pressure. However, migration to major cities often contributes to the proliferation of substandard housing within informal settlements, raising a housing question. Although formal initiatives to rehabilitate the landless, homeless, and displaced population are not uncommon, such top-down, neoliberal developments frequently lead to gentrification. Furthermore, traces of informality in the planned housing environment indicate a necessity for a bottom-up approach. In this background, this study examines the morphogenesis of the settlements and how migrant communities in vulnerable settlements adapt their housing environments to cope with social dynamics, economic pressure, and environmental change. The study presents lessons from the housing transformation and spatial adaptation at Sri Krishnapur Ashrayan Project (planned resettlement as sample site) and Jogen Babur Maath (informal settlement as target site), in the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. In doing so, the study has undertaken a mixed-methods approach combining non-participant observation (n=4), semi-structured interviews (n=14), and focus group discussions (n=2). The morphologies are classified, themes are identified, and their spatial patterns are analyzed. Findings reveal incremental and heterogeneous housing development across sites. The typologies of setback, aligned, setback-aligned, setforward, and aligned-setforward are dominant forms. While these small-scale adaptations allow for greater household adaptability and multifunctionality, they also limit sociability and accessibility. Sri Krishnapur Ashrayan Project displays limited but structured adaptations, while Jogen Babur Maath demonstrated organic growth with stronger socioeconomic adaptation outcomes. Emerging themes, such as social adaptations, included horizontal and vertical extensions, appropriation of space for multifunctionality, and independent access to services. Economic adaptations included multifunctional spaces for livestock, small shops, and home-based enterprises. Environmental adaptations stressed structural upgrades using permanent materials. Some strategies overlapped, such as toilets and tubewells, which serve both social benefits (privacy) and environmental needs (water, sanitation, and hygiene during flood). Spatial analysis shows that highly integrated households displayed grid layouts (ring-like), while households with low integration followed a linear (tree-like) spatial arrangement. Central rooms, foyers, verandas, and circulation nodes are highly integrated, while peripheral toilets, storage, and wash areas are less integrated. Incremental development hinges on transitional spaces such as central rooms, verandas, and stairs, which support expansion but often create circulation bottlenecks. Although most transformed houses showed well-integrated spatial evolution, many lack spatially sound layouts. Focus group discussions revealed infrastructure gaps, including poor drainage, waste management, and failing toilets, worsened by seasonal flooding. Residents also face social challenges such as drug abuse and weak law enforcement. Moreover, the limited success of institutional interventions at Jogen Babur Maath highlights the need for community participation in the decision-making process. Overall, the study critiques top-down resettlement policies and proposes a quasi-formal approach with an adaptive formal-informal continuum for housing development in marginalized communities. The findings underscore the agency of the inhabitants in shaping resilient urban morphologies and offer insights for participatory, sustainable adaptation planning in secondary cities of the Global South.
Open Access
Impacts of structural flood mitigation measure on livelihood: comparative study of three settlements in Tanguar Haor, Sunamganj, Bangladesh
(BRAC University, 2025-08) Khan, Alvi Md. Ragib Nihal; Ghani, Shams Mansoor; Department of Architecture
Tanguar Haor is in Sunamgonj, Bangladesh, adjacent to the Indian border. This area experiences flooding annually due to its geographical conditions and location. In the north lie the Meghalaya hills, from which the Haor receives several hill streams. During the monsoon, water from upstream flows north and fills the Haor area. During this flood, villages are submerged by floodwater. Specifically, the water-edge houses face the risk of floodwater and erosion. Every year, flash floods and seasonal floods cause damage to their household, cattle shed, and other properties, resulting in repair and rebuilding costs that impact their economy and growth. To prevent this damage and ensure a good livelihood, every village has a protection wall. Three types of protection walls, brick walls, concrete blocks, and earth-filled sack walls, are seen in the Tanguar Haor area. This is a Comparative study where three different villages are selected based on the types of protection walls; they have. The study examined which type of protection wall is more beneficial for sustained livelihood this will provide policymakers with vital knowledge for future interventions for flood mitigation in the Haor region. This study uses a mixed-method approach. Three villages, Nichodropur, Solaimanpur, and Anondopur, were selected for the study. where a triangular analysis will be conducted to validate the findings, incorporating the results from the Questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Interviews (KII), and all points that can be obtained from the FGD, KII, and questionnaire for justification will be justified by creating a link based on the DFID and Rural Housing's Livelihood Framework. Among these three types of protection walls, brick protection walls were found to be the most effective, concrete blocks are moderately impactful, while earth-filled sack walls were the least beneficial to protect villagers’ livelihoods. By applying this knowledge, policymakers and various organizations can understand the results and implement this idea to improve the livelihoods of Tanguar Haor villagers.
Open Access
Alternative livelihood options for climate victims: a case study of farmer community of Munshiganj union at Satkhira district
(BRAC University, 2025-05) Kamal, Md. Mostafa; Ghani, Shams Mansoor; Department of Architecture
Due to global warming the coastal area of Bangladesh is becoming threatened by frequent cyclones, heat wave, storm surges, tidal surges, floods and salinity intrusion. Like others coastal area of Bangladesh, Munshiganj Union in Satkhira is becoming more vulnerable particularly in agriculture-dependent populations. Climate change not only affects farmers' livelihoods, but also affects land use pattern, food security, loss of biodiversity The coastal agriculture is becoming more expensive because of require more money to buy salt-tolerant seeds, remove saline water from the land, supply fresh water and planting salt-tolerant seedlings and frequent climatic disaster. Farmers are therefore looking for alternative means of livelihood apart from agriculture due to impacts of climate change. This study analyzes these alternative livelihood possibilities utilizing a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to gain a thorough grasp of the problem. The study was carried out in significant parts of the Munshiganj Union, including Harinagar, Garaze Bazar, Kultoli, Jelekhali, Kodomtola, Kachukhali, and Dhankhali. A total of 104 people were polled, including farmers, local leaders, government officials, and NGO representatives. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews with key informants supplemented the survey data, providing qualitative insights into the socioeconomic effects of climate change and the efficacy of adaptation methods. The study indicated that most respondents (39.4%) were between the ages of 37 and 46, with a male majority (78.8%). Income data show that 45.2% of families earn between 10,001 and 15,000 BDT per month, with only 1.0% earning more than 25,000 BDT. Quantitative statistics show that 83.7% of respondents are pursuing alternative livelihoods, particularly shrimp farming (56.3%) and fishing (54.0%). The findings show that many farmers saw aquaculture as more resistant to environmental degradation, which 55.4% regarded as a crucial driver for this decision. Respondents also said that aquaculture provides greater economic stability, however it requires an initial investment and technical knowledge that few farmers have. Also, Water shortage was seen as a major difficulty by 67.3% of respondents and focus group discussions suggested that prolonged dry spells and saline water sources exacerbate the situation. Furthermore, soil salinity, which affects 59.6% of participants, has rendered traditional crops unsustainable, forcing communities to transition to salt-tolerant rice types. As a result, 72.1% of respondents stated that climate change has had a substantial influence on traditional occupations, prompting younger generations to seek non-agricultural employment in adjacent towns. Mulching (67.3%) and drip watering (65.4%) are popular adaptation tactics. However, qualitative research has revealed that these approaches are resource costly and not broadly available. NGOs, particularly Shushilan (66.3%) and Care Bangladesh (55.8%), play an important role in encouraging adaptation measures by offering technical training, financial help, and community mobilization. This study emphasizes the critical need for sustainable livelihood options and strong institutional assistance to address the socioeconomic vulnerabilities increased by climate change. The study's findings underline the necessity of community-specific difficulties being addressed through tailored interventions such as low-cost adaptive technologies and localized capacity-building programs. This study's findings serve as a platform for future initiatives aiming at increasing the resilience of farming communities in coastal Bangladesh.
Open Access
Integrating architecture in rainwater harvesting for climate and disaster resilience in coastal cities: a case study of Cox’s Bazar
(BRAC University, 2024-07) Jahan, Israt; Kabir, Md. Humayun; Ferdaus, Muhammad; Department of Architecture
Water scarcity is crucial global challenge due to rapid urbanization, population explosion, climate change and global warming. As a result, creative and sustainable methods of managing water resources are essential to ensure availability of sustainable, clean water sources and to create disaster resilient community. Cox's Bazar is a renowned tourist hotspot located in the southeastern region of Bangladesh. The main sources of water in the region are groundwater and surface water, both of which are encountering escalating difficulties. The excessive extraction of groundwater and the invasion of seawater, worsened by the increase in sea levels, have led to a notable problem known as salinity intrusion. The growing tourism sector exacerbates the pressure on freshwater resources, as the need for drinkable water rises due to the influx of tourists. Additionally, Cox's Bazar is situated in an area prone to seismic activity, which has led to worries about the possible risks of earthquakes, especially since there are a lot of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN) living in refugee camps. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become a viable approach and alternative way to mitigate water scarcity, lessen reliance on conventional water sources and reduces future water scarcity. This study aims to find the prospective architectural design areas that can improve rainwater harvesting and build resilient communities to climate change and natural disasters. The research is based on a mixed method approach, including two phases. The first phase is to understand the vulnerable community responses with rainwater harvesting concept. And the second phase includes several architectural project analyses to find out the potentiality of integrating architecture with rainwater harvesting practices. The findings present that integrating rainwater harvesting into architectural design not only lessen the water needs but also helps to maintain the balance in urban water management system. Additionally, the study shows the adaptive design sectors can create resilience by reducing vulnerability to climate-related disasters. To lessen the negative effects of climate change and make coastal cities more adaptable so that urban sustainability, new approaches must be implemented.
Open Access
An inquiry into the causes of water logging and the coping strategies of the urban poor: a case of the railway slum, Khulna
(BRAC University, 2024-04) Salam, Raisa Binte; Ghani, Shams Mansoor; Department of Architecture
Developing countries like Bangladesh frequently deal with various socio-economic challenges, especially urban poverty. Despite making an essential contribution to the national GDP, the urban poor population lacks proper housing, sanitation, safety, and security. Bangladesh's location and the shifting climate make it a hotbed for natural disasters. Furthermore, cyclonic storms, surges, sea level elevation, and saline encroachment exacerbate the housing predicament of urban impoverished communities, notably in coastal zones. Being a city in the coastal zone, Khulna experiences the outsized impact of storm surges, cyclones, and coastal floods. These hazards cause a persistent waterlogging problem, especially in low-lying slum areas. The Railway slum area is one of the largest slums in Khulna, and it has been experiencing frequent and prolonged waterlogging problems. With their limited means and a trialand- error process, the inhabitants of the Railway slum have learned and innovated to cope with the stagnant water. This research focused on two interrelated issues: the cause of waterlogging in the Railway slum and how the inhabitants cope with it. This case study-based research employs various methods to collect qualitative and quantitative data, including observation, photographic survey, key informant interview, household survey, and focused group discussion. Each method offers unique insights and perspectives that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the subject under study. Triangulation was used to validate the findings. The results bring to light the causes of this prolonged waterlogging. The findings show the precautionary measures taken by the slum dwellers to reduce the impact of waterlogging conditions, as well as their coping strategies.
Open Access
Analyzing female humanitarian workers’ challenges: a case of humanitarian organizations in Afghanistan
(BRAC University, 2024-09) Ahmadi, Jamila; Ghani, Shams Mansoor; Department of Architecture
This paper explores the numerous difficulties and challenges experienced by female humanitarian workers within humanitarian organizations currently working in Afghanistan. humanitarian organizations play an important role in providing services and support to the most vulnerable population of this country while offering job opportunities for women in humanitarian and other related sectors. This study aims to analyze the challenges faced by female humanitarian workers in the humanitarian sector. It encompasses their roles and responsibilities and the barriers they face due to the lack of governmental and organizational support, political instabilities, economic difficulties, security issues, and conservative society and families. Females in Afghanistan were always victims of society, and their situation and status became worse in the aftermath of the Taliban’s return to power after twenty years. For more than two years, women have encountered several challenges and restrictions on their rights, including limitations on their liberty and freedom, education, healthcare, movements, dress, and working in offices. Under the rule and government of the Taliban, women have to follow these compulsory rules, including dress codes like the full hijab restrictions in their movement in public, and the ban on universities and schools without raising their voices. The research conducted a mixed-methods design that encompassed qualitative and quantitative data. For qualitative data, the researchers utilized in-depth interviews with female workers, and for quantitative data, an online survey was conducted. For data gathering, female humanitarian workers were selected from three national and three international organizations in Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts, facilitated by software tools such as NVivo, enables the identification of recurring themes and patterns, illuminating the complex interplay of challenges and societal stigma faced by female workers. Quantitative data analysis is conducted using SPSS to analyze the survey responses, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by the respondents. The findings of this research contributed valuable insights for interventions and enhanced opportunities aimed at addressing the unique challenges encountered by female humanitarian workers in Afghanistan, the effects on their mental health, and their coping mechanisms. By highlighting the importance of a comprehensive and targeted approach, the study advocates for initiatives that promote gender equality, allocate resources effectively, and eliminate cultural barriers within the humanitarian sector. Ultimately, the research aims to empower female humanitarian workers to navigate and overcome challenges thereby, creating a safer and more supportive environment for their professional growth and contributions to vulnerable communities in Afghanistan.
Open Access
Assessment of faecal sludge management system in Rohingya response refugees camps, Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar
(BRAC University, 2024-03) Islam, Md. Toriqul; Faruk, Mohammad; Department of Architecture
Bangladesh is currently experiencing the world’s fastest increasing Rohingya refugee settlement issue. With limited resources and available space, managing feces sludge in emergency settlements with a high population density is becoming increasingly difficult. Onsite sanitation and the removal of human waste are mainly unregulated in Bangladesh. In this study, thirty-three (33) camps with 197 Fecal Sludge Treatment Plants (FSTPs) were utilized, and around eight different faecal sludge (FS) treatment methods were used. By assessing the effluent quality and technical assessment at the Kutupalong Rohingya Refugee Camps, this study seeks to gauge the performance of FSTPs. Effluent quality and technical assessment from different technologies are being used to treat the fecal sludge at Rohingya camps that contain Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR), Up-flow filters (UFF), Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs), Solid Separation Unit (SSU), Lime Stabilization Ponds (LSP), Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Plant (DEWATS), Anaerobic Lagoon (AL), Anaerobic Settling Thickening Tanks (ASTTs) and Centralized Treatment plant. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) elimination efficiency through the UFF, WSP & AL were found respectively 88.89%,100% & 100% that the values were found to vary from 18 mg/L to 29 mg/L while meeting with the Department of Environment (DoE) standard (30mg/l). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removed efficiency by the UFF, WSP & AL by almost 100% and values were found to be varied from 60 mg/L to 85 mg/L while the allowable limit of DoE standard is 200mg/L. Total Suspended Solid (TSS) removed efficiency best performed by UFF, WSP & AL found 100% that values were found to be varied from 2mg/L to 70 mg/L while the permissible limit of DoE standard 100 mg/L. The concentrations of nitrate (DoE, 250 mg/L) and phosphate (DoE, 35 mg/L) in treated effluent were consistently determined to be much lower than the permitted level. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Fecal Coliform (FC) bacteria concentrations have exceeded the allowable DoE standard of 1000 cfu/100ml. On the other hand, ABR, LSP, SSU, ASTT & DEWATS treated methods were not capable of removing the TSS, COD, and BOD refugees’ camps situation according to DoE standard inland surface water bodies. Field monitoring was concentrated on a number of essential intervention issues, including adjusting water levels, maintaining uniform flow, managing vegetation, reducing odors, and maintaining slope. The FSTP has also received certain constitutive proposals that would ensure its long-term viability.
Open Access
Community based risk assesment on landslides in Siddhalekh-dhading
(BRAC University, 2023-05) Magar, Ashmita Thapa; Faruk, Mohammad; Department of Architecture
Landslide is one of the most recurring and damage inducing disaster around the world as well as in Nepal. Despite being a recurring disaster in Siddhalekh Rural Municipality, one of the remote areas of Nepal, the events and consequences have not made it to the official records as human deaths are absent. However, the local community has to face various troubles as a result of landslides. This research aims to understand the community perceptions, livelihood options and assess the vulnerability of the people that is resulted by landslides in the region through a process of Community based risk assessment (CRA). The study was carried out within Siddhalekh rural municipality, where primary information was collected from various field visits in the form of transact walks. The data collection for the study was done through focus group discussion (FGD), semi-structured interview/key informants' interview and literature review of secondary data. A total of 80 students participated in the questionnaire survey, 10 discussion groups and 35 key informants were interviewed. The qualitative data were extracted through content analysis and methodological triangulation and cross checked to test the validity through the convergence of information from these research tools. The results of the study revealed that the community people of the region are at risk of landslides. Heavy rainfall, steep slopes, excavation of hills to develop roads were found to be the major triggering factors of landslides. Roadside landslides were found to be most common as the construction of the newly built roads were not finished properly and hills remained excavated letting loose soil flow. Due to landslides, the local community suffered disturbances in their daily lives and economic activities were altered. Despite having knowledge about the risk of landslides, locals were tempted to settle near the roads for better opportunity which increased their vulnerability even more. The ultimate solution was found to be proper policy planning regarding the risk reduction and budget allocation for afforestation, appropriate afforestation, proper management of bare slopes after cutting for road expansions and various campaigns to create awareness among people. If proper assessment is done, the community will benefit from development activities and the vulnerability from landslide risk will decrease.
Open Access
Needs of resilient structure: a case study of flood disaster in Phuentsholing, Bhutan
(BRAC University, 2023-12) Chhettri, Ran bdr; Alam, Khurshid; Department of Architecture
Climate change is contributing to changing of atmosphere which lead to lead to climate events including disaster such as river flood, landslide and glacial lakes outburst in Bhutan. The threat of river flood poses serious threat to the lives and livelihoods of the Bhutanese people. The continues downpour is leading to alarming volumes of water in downstream which also increase the forces and pressure because of high speed with mud, debris and stone as well. Increased in water level can’t resist by the river training structure costing millions of dollars each year. In response to the disaster, local authorities and the government of Bhutan initiated immediate rescue and relief operations. Evacuation efforts were carried out to ensure the safety of residents, and temporary shelters were established to provide them with essential supplies and support. Emergency services, including medical teams and disaster response units, were mobilized to provide medical care and assist in the recovery efforts. The concern is that when the current bearing capacity of the structures not strong enough to resist the forces so water penetrate by breaking the wall and used to wash away the town during summer. My study area is in Toorsa river of Phuentsholing under Chhukha Dzongkhag basically the basin of the river. This phenomenon results in severe adverse impacts on downstream communities. A large number of people are vulnerable to river flood from Toorsa river. The risk of damage to their shops, washing away critical infrastructures, killing of cattle and even losing lives has increase in recent years. Hydropower, which accounts for a significant portion of the country’s revenue involves huge investments in infrastructure and requires sustainable water resources. The study is focused in assessing the Livelihood capital and Vulnerability of people living along the Toorsa river in phuentsholing town. Field data were collected from phuentsholing city cooperation, Thomdee and induvial interview as part of the case study. The information was collected through participatory tools and further followed by DIFDs livelihood analysis guidelines and valuable studies from Japan and Bangladesh on flood resistive structure to manage flood risks. To assess the information, literature was reviewed from different journals, books, government policies, meteorological and hydrological data and other unpublished thesis work and articles. The immediate installation of warning system and resilient structure for Amochhu settlement was commanded by His Majesty to High Level COVID-19 Task Force to warn community of flood, who will be settled in the shelters under construction on the Amochhu river banks. The High Level COVID-19 Task Force directed NCHM to install the Flood Early Warning System and resilient structure as soon as possible but still not come up with good idea. NCHM management started working instantly with preparation and planning to install the system with the available spares in stock and market. The flood disaster in Phuentsholing was triggered by heavy and prolonged rainfall, which caused the rivers in the area to swell rapidly beyond their capacity. The excessive water flow overwhelmed the riverbanks and infrastructure, leading to widespread flooding in the city. The floodwaters inundated residential areas, commercial establishments, and critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and public utilities. The consequences of the river flood disaster were devastating. Numerous homes and buildings were damaged or destroyed, resulting in the displacement of a significant number of residents. The floodwaters also disrupted transportation networks, making it challenging for emergency services to reach affected areas and provide assistance to those in need. Additionally, the flooding contaminated water sources and increased the risk of waterborne diseases, posing further health hazards to the affected population. The river flood disaster in Phuentsholing highlighted the vulnerability of the region to natural hazards and the importance of disaster preparedness and resilience. Efforts to rebuild and rehabilitate the affected areas, improve infrastructure resilience, and implement early warning systems for flood detection and response were initiated to mitigate the risk of future disasters. Overall, the river flood disaster in Phuentsholing had significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, underscoring the need for comprehensive measures to mitigate and manage flood risks in the region.
Open Access
Cause of repetitive fire disaster in informal settlements and the importance of community based disaster risk mitigation
(BRAC University, 2023-12) Adiba, Mehnaz Ahmed; Chowdhooree, Imon; Department of Architecture
The growth of informal settlements has increased massively in developing countries in the last few decades. The main pull factor from rural to urban cities is the high possibility of job opportunities for the migrating poor. This has resulted in the formation of substandard housing as a means of housing the low-income urban poor. The living conditions of the slum dwellers are extremely hazardous. Due to the unviability of basic facilities, slum dwellers are forced to use illegal connections, which is the major cause of disaster in slums. Fire disaster is the most common and devastating hazard in the shanties. Although it is a concerning matter due to its repetitive occurrence, little to no action has been taken by the respective authorities. Thus, community-based fire mitigation is the only mode of survival for the slum dwellers. The research focuses on the cause of repetitive fire disasters in informal settlements and how community-based disaster risk mitigation plays a vital role in addressing the issue. The survey site, Laal Fakir Majar slum is a double structured slum, situated in Kalabagan, Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. It is formed within a pocket space that is in the residential zone of the city. This makes the site an ideal study area to understand the context of slums and their correlation with urban development. The research conducted includes both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The questionnaire survey includes 127 respondents, followed by a focus group discussion, which includes 12 respondents, to gather information based on the real scenario. A key informant interview was conducted with the respective authority bodies to understand the policy formulated by the government and the actions taken by the local NGOs. The perception of the targeted group revealed the vulnerability of the slum dwellers to fire disasters. Policies in the national guidelines regarding disaster mitigation in informal settlements are yet to be implemented which creates a scope for the corrupted influentials to extort the vulnerability of the slum dwellers. Lack of help from the local authorities has led to the use of local knowledge as the only mode of survival during disasters. The importance of community-based disaster risk mitigation has been recognised globally, as it has proven to be the most effective in preventing disasters due to its bottom-up approach. Even though the role of community-based disaster risk mitigation has been recognised, it has yet to be widely implemented.
Open Access
Evaluating vulnerability and resilience in the face of earthquake and fire risks
(BRAC University, 2023-04) Manami, Nishat Tasnim; Ghana, Shams Mansoor; Department of Architecture
The economic and cultural center of Bangladesh is Dhaka, the capital and biggest city of the country. Old Dhaka, the area's older section, is very significant to Bangladesh since it functions as a thriving center for cultural history and valuable resources. It presently causes problems because of its high population density and unplanned urban growth. Dhaka is under earthquake zone 2 and in 100 years it hasn’t faced a major earthquake. With this concern, according to seismologists, a powerful earthquake is expected to hit Dhaka soon. Fire service division of the Dhaka Tribune reveals a magnitude 7 earthquake would cause 500,000 buildings, or over 60% of the city's buildings, to collapse. Old Dhaka is especially vulnerable to earthquakes and fire threats because of the unorganized land use plan, faulty construction, limited spacious roads, and unequal distribution of utilities. The post-earthquake fire is another troubling development that calls for immediate attention and treatment. Gas pipelines and electrical cables are often ruptured by strong seismic shaking, which may start fires. Buildings that are near to one another, buildings that share a wall, and narrow streets may all increase the losses. The physical vulnerability and societal adaptability to earthquake and fire hazards in Ward 29 in Old Dhaka are the main topic of this paper. Industrial structures, warehouses, and factories with mixed-use structures are its defining features. Through field surveys, the research included an analysis of the present road networks and urban amenities. To determine how vulnerable individuals are and their conception of fire and earthquakes, key informant interviews, and focus groups were conducted. The author reached a broad conclusion on the vulnerability of existing buildings to unplanned design, weak structures, unlawful floor extensions, and externally added staircases via 20 building inspections. Valuable insights were gathered by examining the present situation of the community via interviews with 120 locals, their prior experiences with fire and earthquakes, and their current awareness. The results of this study were verified using secondary qualitative data, which improved the paper's reliability and validity. According to this research, immediate responses and approaches may lessen the effects of earthquakes and fires in Ward 29. These also highlight certain places that should be of concern and some buildings that need immediate attention. This would make it easier as a resource for present and future scholars, students, and public or private organizations to prioritize social resilience and pre-existing constructed structures in their work on Old Dhaka.
Open Access
Reliability of rainwater harvesting system in the coastal Bangladesh: a conceptual framework for cluster approach Tank Sharing Model
(BRAC University, 2022-10) Sil, Suman Chandra; Kabir, Md. Humayun; Department of Architecture
Despite having an average annual rainfall of 2400mm- 2600mm rainwater harvesting is still considered as “Seasonal solution” for drinking water sources in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Given the phenomenon of “Too much or too little rainfall” during different seasons that result in a huge waste of rainwater makes it difficult to design a rainwater harvesting system that can provide adequate and year-round drinking water yet economically feasible for the low-income households. However, the needs for drinking water, especially in the multi-hazards coastal area of Bangladesh is a “must-have” survival issue that goes beyond any technical or economic feasibility framework. This leads to a quest of designing a rainwater system, specifically the storage tank which is more “reliable” as well as “affordable” for the low-income households including the 35 million people living in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Employing a mixed method approach in combination of literature review, Simple Random Survey (SRS), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), in-depth interviews and hypothetical scenario analysis, this paper introduces the “Cluster Approach Tank Sharing model” and presents the result which shows improved “Reliability” of the rainwater harvesting system. The concept “Tank Sharing” used in this study has already been proven successful in the “Off-grid” smart energy sharing (solar) and decentralized water supply as well as sewage system design. The result of this study can potentially be used by different stakeholders including the government, NGOs, and the private sector to scale up the rainwater harvesting systems, especially in the water-stressed settings such as the coastal area of Bangladesh. This scale-up of the rainwater harvesting system will contribute to achieving SDG 6 targets by providing more “reliable” and “affordable” drinking water for all and thus contributing to the economic progress while keeping the environment safe.
Open Access
Reliability of rainwater harvesting system in the coastal Bangladesh: A conceptual framework for cluster approach tank sharing model
(BRAC University, 2022-10) Sil, Suman Chandra; Kabir, Dr. Md. Humayun; Department of Architecture
Despite having an average annual rainfall of 2400mm- 2600mm rainwater harvesting is still considered as “Seasonal solution” for drinking water sources in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Given the phenomenon of “Too much or too little rainfall” during different seasons that result in a huge waste of rainwater makes it difficult to design a rainwater harvesting system that can provide adequate and year-round drinking water yet economically feasible for the low-income households. However, the needs for drinking water, especially in the multi-hazards coastal area of Bangladesh is a “must-have” survival issue that goes beyond any technical or economic feasibility framework. This leads to a quest of designing a rainwater system, specifically the storage tank which is more “reliable” as well as “affordable” for the low-income households including the 35 million people living in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Employing a mixed method approach in combination of literature review, Simple Random Survey (SRS), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), in-depth interviews and hypothetical scenario analysis, this paper introduces the “Cluster Approach Tank Sharing model” and presents the result which shows improved “Reliability” of the rainwater harvesting system. The concept “Tank Sharing” used in this study has already been proven successful in the “Off-grid” smart energy sharing (solar) and decentralized water supply as well as sewage system design. The result of this study can potentially be used by different stakeholders including the government, NGOs, and the private sector to scale up the rainwater harvesting systems, especially in the water-stressed settings such as the coastal area of Bangladesh. This scale-up of the rainwater harvesting system will contribute to achieving SDG 6 targets by providing more “reliable” and “affordable” drinking water for all and thus contributing to the economic progress while keeping the environment safe.
Open Access
Assessing the effectiveness of structural and non-structural flood mitigation measures of Bushrod island’s unplanned settlements
(BRAC University, 2023-07) Kamara, Abu Sumaila; Kabir, Md. Humayun; Ferdaus, Muhammad; Department of Architecture
Flooding poses a significant threat to the inhabitants of unplanned settlements on Bushrod Island in Monrovia, Liberia. Although flood risk there are mitigation strategies are in place, their effectiveness in reducing the impacts of flooding remains unclear. This study aims to assess the efficacy of both structural and non-structural flood risk mitigation measures in minimizing the dangers and effects of flooding on Bushrod Island. The research objectives are to identify and categorize flood hazards, evaluate the effectiveness of flood mitigation measures, and propose improvements to address specific flood risks. By answering research questions about flood hazards, the measures’ effectiveness, influencing factors, and potential improvements, this study will provide valuable insights into flood risk reduction strategies for similar contexts elsewhere. This research sheds light on how well these precautions work to reduce flood risks in different contexts. The research incorporates couple of mixed tools and techniques such as primary and secondary data, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. The research also used survey and interview as data collection tools using the combination of purposive and stratified random sampling. The nature of the research is analytical and the purpose is centered on fundamental research tactics while the research design is conclusive. Since the long-term effectiveness of the available mitigation measures in the study area remain uncertain, the study will focus on identifying the hazard risks, vulnerabilities, and assess the immediate impact of flood mitigation measures, but also investigate the durability of both structural and non-structural measures over time which is essential to understanding their continued efficacy. Additionally, understanding the extent and nature of flood damage is essential to comprehensively evaluate the impact of the assessed measures. It will help in determining the economic losses, and social implications faced by the communities during flood events. This data is vital for decision-makers and stakeholders to prioritize investment in appropriate flood risk reduction strategies. By addressing these research gaps, the researcher can offer more comprehensive and practical recommendations for improving the existing and new flood risk reduction strategies in the study area and potentially inform flood risk management practices in other similar contexts nationally.
Open Access
Role of chemical industry in fire safety management in Bangladesh: A case study in old town Dhaka
(BRAC University, 2022-10) Anam, Md. Khairul; Kabir, Dr. Md. Humayun; Department of Architecture
Rapid urbanization and unplanned city planning has become a genuine issue in recent decades. The situation is much worse in the Old Dhaka area of Dhaka South City Corporation. Despite of having narrow road, high population density, faulty city planning, illegal land acquisition, it is a commercially key area where no demarcation is seen among the residential, commercial, and industrial area. Corruption, nepotism, and absence of proper regulatory mechanism open the door for non-compliance of fire safety rules in the chemical industries of Old Dhaka and every year a huge loss of lives and financial assets are seen due to frequent fire incident. The purpose of this research was to explore the knowledge of fire safety management among chemical industry workers and authorities, evaluate the existing fire hazard management system in the chemical industries and make a substantial addition to academia by investigating the challenges in implementing a proper fire safety management system in chemical industries and recommend solution for them. This study used mixed approaches to collect data, where quantitative data was collected through interviewer administrated questionnaire survey among purposively selected 157 participants and qualitative data were collected through 10 KIIs and three focus group discussions. The study results show that the overall knowledge of employees on fire safety is 68.20%, while the overall compliance of industries is 64.28%. High population density near industrial area, inadequate supply firefighting equipment, corruption, irregular monitoring to industry compliance by the respective authority and fragile water & electricity connection contribute to the non-compliance with the industry building code for the chemical industries. It leads to elevated risk of industrial accidents in Dhaka South City Corporation causing unbearable losses of human lives and properties every year. By shifting chemical industries outside of Dhaka City and raising awareness among the owners and employees in these industries, fire incidents can be reduced. To reduce the risk of fire and property damage in the chemical industrial region, this study recommends raising awareness among workers and owners, effective government policies, financial assistance from the government, and compliance with the RAJUK building code. Fire safety can be made more affordable and high-quality for the public by adding full-time and reserve firefighters and including the chemical sector in fire safety management through contracts and subscriptions; the government can then reduce the enormous costs associated with fire incidents.

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