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Impact of tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption habits in patients with oral cavity cancer in Bangladesh
(© 2017, Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2017) Debnath, Kala Chand; Uddin, Md Sahab; Goswami, Srijan; Herrera-Calderon, Oscar; Kabir, Md Tanvir; Hasan, Md Fakhrul; Lucky, Kamrun Nahar; Khanum, Sayema; Abdel-Daim, Mohamed Mohamed; Department of Pharmacy
Background and Objective: Worldwide cancer is an important public health problem. Tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption are closely linked with the oral cavity cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the status of smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption habits of patients with oral cavity cancer in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among usual oral cancer patients, who attended at the outdoor of the City Dental College and Hospital during the period of January, 2015-February, 2017. Data on socio-demography, risk habit profiles, site of cancer and number of ulcer patients were recorded by previously designed questionnaire. Data entered in the data collection form were entered into the Microsoft Excel. The results obtained were expressed as Mean±SD. Results: A total of 200 oral cancer patients were selected for study and highest percentage 24.5% of the patients were in the age group of 60 years and above. It was found that highest percentage, 68.5% of the patients had habit of chewing betel leaf and 60.5% patients had habit of smoking. The most preferred mode of smoking was bidi (52.07%) followed by cigarette (44.63%) and very few were habituated with hookah (1.65%). For 38.3% patients single ulcer was detected in the palate and upper jaw and 52.9% patients had multiple ulcers in the tongue. Single ulcer was found to be high among 69.4% patients having habit of chewing betel leaf and highest multiple ulcers, 47.1% were reported for patients taking gul inside mouth. Conclusion: Tobacco smoking and chewing betel quid are strong risk factors in the development of oral cancer. Furthermore, age, gender, education and occupation influence the development of oral cancer.
Phytochemical screening and evaluation of cytotoxic and hypoglycemic properties of Mangifera indica peels
(© 2016 Hainan Medical University, 2017-01-01) Chowdhury, Sabiha Mohammad; Poddar, Saikat Kumar; Zaheen, Sarah; Noor, Farah Ashrafi; Ahmed, Najneen; Haque, Sanjana; Sukul, Abhijit; Sunjida, Sauda Binte; Mazumder, Md Mahabob Ullah; Akbar, Nusrat; Department of Pharmacy
Objective To investigate the presence of different phytoconstituents in Mangifera indica (M. indica) peel and evaluate its cytotoxicity to Artemia salina and hypoglycemic potential in Swiss albino mice. Methods The methanolic extract of M. indica peel was used to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was followed to determine the cytotoxic potential of plant extract. In the case of hypoglycemic activity, oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and standard glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg was done, followed by determining the percentage of reduction of plasma glucose from the initial level. Results The methanolic extract of M. indica peel showed the presence of flavonoid, saponin, steroid, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 of the extract and standard vincristine sulfate was found to be 2.04 and 0.41 μg/mL, respectively. After 90 and 150 min, the methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed prominent plasma glucose reduction of 13.95%, 22.48% and 14.16%, 26.18% respectively compared to standard glibenclamide showing 14.90% and 20.67% plasma glucose reduction. Conclusions This current research affirms prominent cytotoxic and moderate hypoglycemic potential of M. indica peel. Further bioactivity guided isolation of phytoconstituents and investigation on higher animals can lead to development of new drug molecules.
Prevalence of diabetic-hypertensive patients in the current population of Dhaka City
(© 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2017-10-01) Ahmed, Shabbir; Ahmed, Tasnim; Sharmin, Tarana; Ahmed, Najneen; Department of Pharmacy
Aim: Diabetes and hypertension, which share several common risk factors, are rising at an alarming rate in the population of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was carried out to visualize the co-occurrences of these two chronic diseases in this particular region. Subjects and methods: Parameters including complete blood count, serum lipid profile, blood pressure, serum glucose and serum creatinine level were measured to determine the prevalence of these diseases. Statistical analysis of 2000 participants aged 31–90 years was conducted, whereby 1000 participants were normal and 1000 participants had both diabetes and hypertension. Participants had attended the Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) General Hospital and Labaid Hospital between June 2015 and February 2016. Result: It was revealed that most parameter levels were markedly raised in the diseased participants (p < 0.01), but the mean hemoglobin (6.92 ± 0.05), red blood cell count (3.9 ± 0.02) and high-density lipoprotein level (0.76 ± 0.01) were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.01) in diseased participants compared to normal ones. Fasting blood glucose (10.2 ± 0.11), after-meal glucose (13.15 ± 0.10), systolic blood pressure (160.78 ± 0.69), diastolic blood pressure (90.36 ± 0.31), hemoglobin (7.4 ± 0.07), total cholesterol (5.13 ± 0.03), low density lipoprotein (3.63 ± 0.03) and triglycerides (2.55 ± 0.02) were found to be significantly higher in diseased females compared to diseased males (p < 0.01, for low density lipoprotein, p < 0.05). Age-wise distribution showed that approximately 5.80% of diseased males and females were in the range of 61–65 years and 56–60 years, respectively. Conclusion: Elevated levels of the above parameters were associated with increased prevalence of both diabetes and hypertension. The results suggested that female participants were more greatly affected by these diseases. The reasons for this undesirable situation in diseased females should be inspected, and strategies should be improved to address the situation.
Preliminary studies on phytochemicals and cytotoxic activity of methanolic rhizome extract of Hedychium coronarium
(© 2015 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2015) Dash, Pritesh Ranjan; Sheikh, Zara; Department of Pharmacy
The methanolic extract of the rhizome of Hedychium coronarium (Family- Zingiberaceae) was screened for the presence of various phytochemicals by standard procedures and the cytotoxic activity was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The present study indicates that the rhizome contain carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and alkaloids. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract showed potent cytotoxic action. The degree of lethality was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of the extract ranging from the lowest concentration (1.25 μg/ml) to the highest concentration (320 μg/ml). The LC50 value of the methanolic rhizome extract was 0.39 μg/ml, whereas the LC50 of the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate was 0.52 μg/ml.
Characterization of phytoconstituents and potential bioactivity of Annona reticulata L. leaf extract
(© 2016 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2016) Shahriar, Mohammad; Khair, Nishat Zareen; Sheikh, Zara; Chowdhury, Sayeeda Fahmee; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Bakhtiar, Md. Shawkatul Islam; Chisty, Sharmin Jahan; Department of Pharmacy
Annona reticulata (Annonaceae) is known as atafol in Bangla and custard apple in English is an important medicinal plant. It has been used traditionally in diarrhea, dysentery, cold, as abortifacient, insecticidal drug etc. In this present study, the leaf extracts of Annona reticulata were subjected to evaluation of the thrombolytic activity was assessed by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard streptokinase (SK). The chloroform extract showed 36.82% clot lysis as compared to 93.79% clot lysis produced by standard streptokinase. The leaf extracts of Annona reticulata were subjected to evaluation of the membrane stabilizing activity by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard anti-inflammatory drug, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). In vitro membrane stabilizing activity for hypotonic solution induced haemolysis, the chloroform extract inhibited 75.15% haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.99% produced by acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and during heat induced condition different organic soluble materials of Annona reticulata demonstrated methanol, ethanol and chloroform extract showed 68.81%, 72.06% and 78.17% inhibition of RBC hemolysis respectively whereas standard acetylsalicylic acid showed 70.87% inhibition of RBC haemolysis.
Phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and in vitro antioxidant activity of erythrina variegate bark
(© 2015 European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2015-11) Shahriar, Mohammad; Khair, Nishat Zareen; Sheikh, Zara; Chowdhury, Sayeeda Fahmee; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Bakhtiar, Md. Shawkatul Islam; Chisty, Sharmin Jahan; Narjish, Syeda Najah; Akhter, Rumana; Akter, Nahia; Department of Pharmacy
Aim:The objective of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the bark extracts of Erythrina variegate.Place and Duration of Study: The plant, E. variegate was collected from Botanical Garden, Mirpur, Dhaka and also from Curzon Hall, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh in June 2014 and then the sample was identified by the National Herbarium of Bangladesh, Mirpur, Dhaka (DACB; Accession Number- 36148). Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done for determining the nature of phytoconstituents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay technique was done to study the cytotoxic properties. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was applied for the determination of flavonoids and the total antioxidant ability was assessed by the phospho-molybdenum method. Results: Primary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides and flavonoids. The extracts showed some toxicity to A. salina with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μ g/ml which was compared with standard vincristine sulphate (VS, LC50 value 0.92 μg/ml). n-Hexane extract of E. variegate was found to contain highest amount of flavonoids (3.77±1.97 mg/gm; quercetin equivalent) and ethanol extract of E. variegate was found to have highest antioxidant acitivity (2.03±0.09 mg/gm ascorbic acid equivalent). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the plant extracts of E. variegate possess several antioxidant activities which justifies its use as folk medicine.
Central nervous system depressant, analgesic and antidiarrheal effects of the seed extracts of Dimocarpus longan lour in rats
(© 2014 Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research) Ripa, Farhana Alam; Ibn Morshed, Mahmud Tareq; Afsana-Al-Sharmin; Papon, Shahed Bulbul; Islam, Md Rafiqul; Sheikh, Zara; Department of Pharmacy
Purpose: To assess the central nervous system (CNS) depressant, analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of the dried seed crude extracts of Dimocarpus longan Lour in rodents. Methods: Selected pharmacological effects of the ethanol (ENLS), petroleum ether (PELS), chloroform (CHLS) and ethyl acetate (EALS) extracts of D. longan fruit seeds were investigated. CNS depressant activity was evaluated by open field and hole cross tests; analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced licking test; and anti-diarrheal activity was assessed in castor oil and magnesium-induced diarrhea rat model. The extracts were given orally in a rat model at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Normal saline served as control in all experiment. In CNS depressant test, diazepam (1 mg/kg) was used as reference drug while indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and loperamide(2 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs in analgesic and antidiarrheal tests, respectively. Results: In hole cross method, EALS showed the most effective depressant effect, viz, 1.17±0.17 for 200 mg/kg dose and 0.83±0.31 number of movements for 300 mg/kg dose after 120 min (p < 0.01), whereas in the open field test, all the extracts exhibited significant (p < 0.01) depressant effect in relation to positive control, diazepam. In acetic acid-induced pain test, PELS gave the lowest number of writhing (2.83±0.307) and the highest inhibition (88.45 %, 300 mg/kg dose) which was statistically significant. All the extracts also significantly (p < 0.01) suppressed licking activity in both phases of the formalin-induced licking test, in contrast to indomethacin. In the antidiarrheal tests, diarrheal suppression was highest at 300 mg/kg dose for all the extracts, compared with loperamide in both castor oil and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea model. Conclusion: The extracts of Dimocarpus longan tested demonstrated significant CNS depressant, analgesic and antidiarrheal activities in a rodent model.

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