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Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10361/6575

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Impact of cadmium exposure on human health with a focus on Bangladesh
(© 2014 European Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 2014-03) Kabir, Eva Rahman; Sheikh, Zara; Khan, Tanisha Tabassum Sayka; Department of Pharmacy
The environment in which we claim to “live” in has become a huge reservoir of toxic metals. Human health is under constant risk of deterioration due to increasing chronic exposure of such metals that adversely affect the quality of life of people. The deterioration of human health due to exposure to heavy metals has become a major issue of concern worldwide. Although adverse health effects caused by heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, particularly in less developed countries, even though emissions have declined in most developed countries over the last 100 years. One such heavy metal with a high toxicity found in the earth’s crust, associated with zinc, lead and copper ores is cadmium. Exposure to cadmium has long been recognized as a health hazard, both in industry and in general populations with high exposure. However, cadmium is toxic at very low exposure levels and has acute and chronic effects on health and environment which is thus the cause of great concern. The parts of body that are potentially affected from exposures to cadmium mainly involve the kidney, liver, lung, heart and bone. If one is exposed to cadmium or cadmium compounds, a number of factors will determine whether or not the person will be affected. These factors include not only dose and duration of contact, how he/she comes in contact with it but parameters such as age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health also tend to contribute to determine the extent of exposure (ATSDR, 2012). The objective of this paper is to review available information on possible toxicities of cadmium on human health. Our aim in this study was to identify the possible impacts of cadmium on human health, with the ultimate goal of proposing the rationale for future quantitative research of cadmium in Bangladesh
A pragmatic approach to the analysis of a combination formulation
(© 2016 Elsevier B.V.) Mubtasim, Noshin; Kabir, Eva Rahman; Podder, Ashis Kumar; Bhadra, Subrata; Department of Pharmacy
The aim of the paper was to formulate a combined oral dosage form of rosuvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate and to develop and validate an analytical method to be adopted for both routine quality control assay and in vitro dissolution studies of the formulation. The proposed combination formulation has shown compatibility with the chosen excipients, verified through FT-IR study. A novel gradient RP-HPLC method was developed and validated according to the ICH guideline which was found to be suitable for the simultaneous estimation of rosuvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate from the formulation. The retention time of 2.7 and 6.08 min allows the analysis of large amount of samples with less mobile phase which makes the method economic. The dissolution profiles of both the drugs in different dissolution medium were encouraging which makes the combination formulation of rosuvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate superior and effective in achieving patient compliance.
Association of BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, and HER2 gene polymorphisms with the breast cancer risk in the Bangladeshi population
(© 2016 The Japanese Breast Cancer Society) Parvin, Salma; Islam, Md. Siddiqul; Al-Mamun, Mir Md. Abdullah; Islam, Mohammad Safiqul; Ahmed, Maizbha Uddin; Kabir, Eva Rahman; Hasnat, Abul; Department of Pharmacy
Purpose: Breast cancer is considered as the most frequent female malignancy. Altered gene expressions due to genetic polymorphisms in the BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, and HER2 contribute toward the development of breast cancer, and yet, no such type of study has been conducted in the Bangladeshi population. This study was designed to evaluate the role of BRCA1rs80357713, BRCA1rs80357906, BRCA2rs11571653, RAD51rs1801320, and HER2rs1136201 polymorphisms as risk factors in the development of breast cancer in the Bangladeshi population. Methods: A total 310 patients with invasive breast cancers were recruited as cases from different public and private hospitals of Bangladesh, and 250 Bangladeshi healthy women matching age with the patients were recruited as controls. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to analyze the genetic polymorphisms. Results: Patients carrying BRCA1/2 mutations, GC and GC plus CC genotypes of RAD51rs1801320, and AG plus GG genotype of HER2rs1136201 polymorphisms were found to be associated with breast cancer. In subgroup analysis, AG plus GG genotype of HER2rs1136201 was found to be associated with the breast cancer risk in the patients younger than 45 years of age compared with the older patients having more than 45 years of age, and RAD51rs1801320 was related to the tumor size and tumor aggressiveness (higher graded tumor). Conclusion: Our results indicate that BRCA1/BRCA2, RAD51rs1801320 and HER2rs1136201 polymorphisms were associated with breast cancer in the studied population.
Per pill price differences across therapeutic categories: a study of the essential drug brands marketed by multinational and local pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh
(© 2009 Academic Journals, 2009-12) Kabir, Eva Rahman; Chowdhury, Nishat
The objective of this study was to comprehend the pricing differentiation of essential drugs between the local pharmaceutical companies (LPC) and multinational pharmaceutical companies (MNC) of Bangladesh. Thirty five (35) essential drug prices were collected from a local drug directory, namely Bangladesh National Formulary 2006. The mean and standard deviation of the prices of drugs belonging to all therapeutics categories (Anti-infective drugs, Central nervous system, Respiratory system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, Endocrine system drugs, Vitamin, drugs for Skin and Analgesic/painkillers) were analyzed. Managers of two multinational companies (MNCs) named GlaxoSmithKline Bangladesh Limited Bangladesh and Sanafi Aventis Bangladesh; and three local pharmaceutical companies (LPCs) named Square Pharmaceuticals Limited, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Limited and Incepta Pharmaceuticals Limited were interviewed after data analysis. A wide range of price variations (p < 0.01) between MNC and LPC essential drug products exist. Antibiotics have higher prices than drug products belonging to other therapeutic groups. Since infectious diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh, the government should consider bearing part of the burden of antibiotic manufacturing costs and deliver antibiotics to the market at reduced price promoting rational prescribing. Further studies are needed to delve the causes of anti-infectives high prices and to propose affordability for treating infectious diseases. This study evaluates the present situation of the pharmaceutical marketing and pricing strategies in Bangladesh in light of the status of the essential drug market. This study will be helpful to assess essential drug affordability, to keep pricing strategies appraised, to advise the drug administration of options and to arrange for appropriate levels of public healthcare.

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