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বস্তিবাসীদের অভিজ্ঞতায় বস্তি ‍উচ্ছেদ: একটি নিবিড় পর্যবেক্ষণ
(গবেষণা ও মূল্যায়ন বিভাগ, ব্র্যাক, 2006) মামুন-উর-রশীদ
This study aimed to explore the social and economic dynamics that led to and followed the eviction of Kallyanpur basti, home of some 1,675 families, demolished in December 2003. Information was collected through participant observation, stakeholder perceptions and group discussions. The process of eviction, actual demolition, reactions to the eviction, and eventual settling down of the dwellers are narrated. The initiators of the eviction were the local commissioner and the House Building Research Institute of the government. The demolition was successful in the face of collective protest of the slum dwellers due to the commissioner’s collaboration with the leader of the slum dwellers. The dwellers found that there was none to support them in the actual protest. Although they had expected the NGO activists, their local leaders and media to help them out, all of them betrayed. After eviction, some of the dwellers left while others tried to stay. The living conditions were adverse. Cold winter nights without proper housing and sanitation, police raids and internal outbursts of violence led to severe suffering, including death of some children. The Basti still exists. The ones who held on to their land through all the troubles have rebuilt their houses. However, the commissioner has retained a large portion of the land. The paper emphasizes the need for collective will and planning on the part of all stakeholders to make sure that future evictions are conducted more effectively, making sure that the sufferings of the dwellers are minimized and they are properly rehabilitated.
Lives of street-connected children in Bangladesh
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2015) Rahman, Rehnuma; Samadder, Zion Rabbi
Street connected children, children who live/or spend time on the streets, are a vulnerable group of considerable concern. The aim of this study is to gain a detail understanding about lives of children living and working in the streets of Dhaka, Bangladesh, to help develop an effective and informed intervention that can contribute to improved outcomes for this vulnerable group. In order to understand the overall situation and structural violence in which street connected children spend their lives, the study explored their (children) reasons for street migration, primary livelihood, daily struggles, vulnerabilities and other issues which are distinctively associated with street connected children. The study indicates a range of “push” and “pull” factors leading and keeping the children on the street. It also includes a detail analysis of the dimensions of challenges and risks experienced by children living in the streets and the meaning and significance of a shelter to them as well as the factors that draw and prevent them from joining street children shelter.
Impact assessment of credit programme for the tenant farmers
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2014-04) Hossain, Mahabub; Jaim, WMH; Malek, MA; Hossain, Marup; Jimi, Nusrat Abedin; Mahmud, Kazi Tanvir; Ahsan, Abu; Chakraborty, Barnali; Ahmed, Md. Shakil; Reza, Md. Hasib; Tarannum, Taheya; Rahman, ANM Mahfuzur; Das, Narayan C
Need assessment of the forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2017-08) Shatil, Tanvir; Saha, Polin Kumar; Rahman, Rahman
There has been a continued influx of the ‘Forcibly displaced Myanmar Nationals’ (FDMN) across the border of Bangladesh and Myanmar since 25 August, 2017. As consequences, the large numbers of people (FDMN) have unexpectedly taken shelter in Bangladesh. Along with 307,500 Rohingya refugees now total 822, 500 FDMNs are living in various makeshift, unregistered and registered settlements of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. So, it is realised that Bangladesh has been facing a severe challenge in providing food, shelter and protection assistance to these shelters. Till date, FDMN influx is underway and the new arrivals have little or no access to food, shelter, safe drinking water and healthcare. In response to the crisis, this study has been designed in aiming to reach standard humanitarian services to the FDMN people. Broadly, the assessment of the study is to understand the priority needs of the new arrivals and make recommendation to mobilise resources and interventions. To observe and conduct the interviews of the targeted people, an assessment team has visited six makeshift camps of Cox’s Bazar district including, Unchiprang, Hakimpara, Kutupalong, Kutupalong extension, Balikhali 1 and Thankhali. Altogether, age and gender disaggregated 18 FGDs are conducted in seven days with more than 250 participants. In addition to FGD, the team conducts individual interviews with FDMN peoples and host communities. As outcome of the study, the ongoing or prospective humanitarian responses have been resulted upon on the existing scenarios of fundamental needs (e.g. shelter, health, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), food, Non-Food Item (NFI), and child protection) to the FDMN including possible solution in relief distribution and strategic directions to overcome the challenges.
The impact of skills development initiatives for adolescents on climate adaptive livelihoods in south-western Bangladesh
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2017) Reza, Md Hasib; Shatil, Tanvir; Rahman, Md Sajedur; Malek, Mohammad Abdul
Nearly 23 per cent of Bangladesh’s total population is aged between 10 and 19. This large population group is termed as adolescent and considered the most potential source of country’s future labour force. However, a larger portion of them has limited scope for acquiring knowledge and skills for self-development and participate in income generating activities. Particularly, in south-western region of Bangladesh adolescents are much more disadvantaged in this regard as there agricultural based livelihood system has been shifted from traditional paddy cultivation to aquaculture and homestead based small scale agricultural activities due to the erroneous effects of climate change. Considering the present context, BRAC has implemented a pilot project titled ‘Skills Development Initiatives for Adolescents (SDIA) on climate adaptive livelihoods’in two districts of south-western Bangladesh to promote some agricultural technologies among the adolescents so that they can develop their skills and engage in income generating activities (IGAs).
The effects of skill training on livelihoods
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2017-07) Rahman, Rehnuma; Rahman, Atiya; Samadder, Zion Rabbi; Bayes, Abdul
School dropout rate in Bangladesh is estimated to be about 40 per cent at the secondary level. The majority of the dropouts is most likely to remain unemployed or, if employed, engaged in low paying and hazardous work in the informal sector. With the aim of producing a well-trained and empowered youths, BRAC initiated ‘Skills Training for Advancing Resources (STAR)’ programme in 2012. The programme provides onthe- job and classroom training in various informal trades to disadvantaged school dropout adolescents aged between 14-18 years. This study estimates the effects of the programme on employment, earning levels, financial assets, empowerment and household level welfare. The results show that the intervention succeeded in increasing labour market participation and earnings of the adolescents. The magnitude of the effect on earning is about six times the baseline mean level of earnings. Increased earnings of the adolescents translated into household welfare– as proxied by food expenditures and durable asset holdings. Evidences also show the positive effects of the programme on enhancing empowerment, improving selfconfidence, and preventing substance abuse. Further, the intervention appears to have improved work place environment and job satisfaction among school dropouts. The cost-benefit ratio of the intervention is found to be about 1:3.
Unifying social identity: community skilled birth attendant
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2017-07) Khan, Ashrafuzzaman; Kamruzzaman, Md
Homebirth is regarded as gold standard and the premier standard of birth possible. Community Skilled Birth Attendants (CSBA) received a six-month training in and out of class at skilled birth attendant (SBA) training institutes, approved by the Government of the peoples republic of Bangladesh. The trainees are involved in assisting the safe and clean delivery at home in rural Bangladesh. Many CSBA are engaged in Government and non-government organisations in relation to providing birth attendant services in rural Bangladesh. The intention of HNPP, BRAC is to increase the number of CSBA in order to achieve MDG 5. The study explored the process of social identification of CSBAs. The notion of social identity has delineated a comprehensive account of social relations in the theory of practice of Pierre Bourdieu. Moreover, social relations explained the process of social identification employing the concept of selfcategorisation and social categorisation. The study employed qualitative methods to explore the mechanisms of internal and social categorisation of CSBAs. The findings reveal that CSBAs are known as BRAC health cadres in the community. They are struggling to establish their identity as trained midwives in the community. Despite some challenges of their professions, CSBAs are respected as ‘dactar or nurse apa’ by the villages. Professional training on SBA enables them to generate income and social prestige. TBAs and village doctors create constraints to perform professional responsibilities of the CSBA in the community. On the other hand, the villagers are still bewildered about the terms as well as the roles and responsibilities of Shasthya Shebika (SS), Newborn Health Workers (NHWs), Shasthya Kormi (SK) and CSBA of HNPP, BRAC. They are confused whether health providers of BRAC are required paying for assisting homebirth. The villagers also perceive that assisting to homebirth is considered as social norm rather than professional duties. Moreover, the villagers hardly found the government service providers in this regard. Therefore, the study has outlined a number of recommendations for strengthening the profession of CSBAs of HNPP in BRAC.
Community centre-based care and education for children with neurodevelopmental disability
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2016-07) Mallick, Utpal
Since its inception, BRAC Education Programme (BEP) has been including children with disabilities in its various educational initiatives. To foster this inclusion initiative BEP developed Children with Special Needs (CSN) unit in 2003. From 2014 this unit launched Neuro Developmental Disability (NDD) centres for poor communities in Bangladesh in cooperation with Health, Nutrition & Population Programme (HNPP) of BRAC. Till June 2015, four centres were established; one in a slum in Dhaka city and three others in Pabna, Khulna and Gazipur districts. Preparation of opening another centre in Sylhet district is in progress. As this is relatively a recent initiative of BRAC, this research study was done to document and analyze its processes, outcomes, problems and solutions. Overall aim of this study was to explore in detail about these centres including strategies taken, successes achieved, challenges faced and scope of further improvement in operation. Qualitative research design was followed as the study intended to document entire development of the centres from the perspectives of policy and personnel, lives of the children and their families and communities. The study involved review of programme documents (e.g. policies, curriculum, materials etc.), repetitive nonparticipant observations of the centres combined with semi-structured interview and focus group discussions (FGDs) with a range of stakeholders including children, parents, teachers and other officials from BRAC. Findings indicated positive learning outcomes of children with disabilities and the joy of having a school like centre for them, changing attitudes and perceptions of families and communities regarding disability and a genuine goodwill among most staffs involved. Certain problems were also voiced. Some concerns were expressed over limited resources in the centres, problem with transportation of children, inadequate medical support including therapies, lack of intrinsic motivation of teachers and caregivers for poor honorarium and so on. Major area of expressed concern was the need for intensive training of teachers and other staffs and the need for a more structured approach. Curricular and other activities for children could be improved if appropriate activities were implemented by the teachers even in such resource constraint situations. Based on these analyses, some recommendations for advancing growth of these centres have been made. It is hoped that this report will provide useful information for better implementation of the NDD centres.
Understanding civil society contributions to access to justice
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2016-10) Cerecina, Mila; Chapman, Peter; Shahed, Syeda Sitwat
Across the world, civil society legal empowerment programmes are making important contributions to securing access to justice and inclusive development. From assistance navigating justice processes to independent mediation services, civil society programmes deploying community-based paralegals provide practical avenues to seek rights and resolve disputes. Such programmes add to the range of access points to justice, offer additional avenues to pursue government accountability and improve community knowledge of their rights often at a scale and level of legitimacy in the community that is not readily available to government initiatives alone. The evidence base for the impacts of civil society legal empowerment programmes is slowly increasing. Such programmes have been subject to robust evaluation in multiple countries and legal empowerment programmes themselves are becoming more sophisticated in management and evaluation. From 2014-2016, Open Society Justice Initiative teamed with BRAC Human Rights and Legal Service programme (BRAC HRLS), a large legal empowerment programme in Bangladesh, to explore what BRAC HRLS’s programme data could tell us. Relying on existing and routine data collection we sought to: 1) Explore how internal data can help to manage performance and to make decisions about where to allocate resources; 2) Provide an example to other civil society organisations about what can be learned from internal data; and 3) Suggest that contributions of civil society actors toward access to justice can be measured as part of the effort under the UN Sustainable Development Goal 16 in order to show a more complete picture of access to justice. The research relied on existing administrative data about mediation, court and registration services provided by BRAC HRLS from 2012-2014 as well as a new, small survey sample of former clients and current staff. Using these data points we explored indicators by which BRAC HRLS, and perhaps other civil society organisations, can measure impact in their operational programming. In particular we wanted to explore how BRAC HRLS ii Understanding Civil Society Contributions to Access to Justice legal services 1) strengthened community relationships to institutions, 2) enhanced social well-being of clients, and 3) improved economic well-being of its clients. Relying exclusively on such administrative data had limits. The aim of this study is not to generate a precise evaluation in the manner of a randomised control trial. Nor is the aim to suggest how such data could be successfully aggregated across multiple organisations and programmes. Rather it aims to explore lessons that may be found in ordinary data produced by most legal empowerment organisations. This data can be used by organisation leaders to better understand and demonstrate progress toward access to justice, and to make regular and timely management decisions and adjustments.
How the adolescents applied their learning in their lives: an evaluation of the Adolescent Development Programme of BRAC
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2012-08) Alim, Md. Abdul; Nahar, Mst. Ashrafun; Khatoon, Fathema Zhura
This paper aims to measure the changes in the type and depth of knowledge and understanding on sexual and reproductive health and gender issues, and how they obtained that knowledge. Secondly, changes in the ways in which adolescents were practically applying this understanding, or intended to apply it in their own lives (or not) were determined; if not, then reasons for not doing so were determined. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in this research. Results show that knowledge on sexual reproductive health and gender discrimination changed positively and participants had been able to apply increased knowledge in their own lives, in the lives of their families and in their communities, by changing their parents’ and influential persons’ embedded attitudes. On the other hand, there were some who did not apply the knowledge in practice because of failing to overcome the entrenched norms, attitudes and beliefs that are deeply ingrained in the family and community. In conclusion we suggest that the intervention should continue with additional measures to ensure the involvement of the community, so that the limitations could be removed for a sustainable change.
Competencies achievement of BRAC school students: trends, comparisons and predictors
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2012-04) Nath, Samir Ranjan
The National Curriculum and Textbook Board in Bangladesh specified 50 terminal competencies which are supposed to be achieved by the students’ throughout the cycle of primary education. The competency-based test instrument which was developed for Education Watch 2000 was administered on a sample of BRAC school graduates of each year during 2000-2010. This monograph is an outcome of analyses of all these test results. Although the rural BRAC non-formal schools were common in each year, samples from BRAC’s non-formal urban, formal and community schools and the schools for ethnic minorities were taken in some years. Sometimes, the government primary schools were also included. Taking all these test data into account, this monograph presents a repeated cross-sectional analysis of performance of BRAC schools. Comparison of various types of BRAC schools, rural and urban schools, and with government schools are also provided. Separate analyses for boys and girls were done as a cross-cutting issue. The findings reveal that the performance of BRAC non-formal school students increased over time. The students did best in environmental studies (science and social studies) followed by Bangla, mathematics and English. Urban students did better than the rural students and the Bangalis than the ethnic minorities. Best performance was observed in BRAC formal schools followed by community schools and non-formal schools. Variation among schools and students persisted although reduced over time. Three major predictors of both types of variations were quality of teachers assessed by the area managers, proportion of contents taught in the classrooms and religion of the students. The former two positively influenced the achievement of competencies and the Muslim students performed better than the non-Muslims. If the programme organizers were frequently changed or they were given more schools to supervise, the students performed poorly. Contribution of the school and teacher-related factors in predicting learning achievement was more than that of the supervisors and students background characteristics. The BRAC school students were more likely to do well in the test compared to those in the government schools. Magnitude of difference was more among the girls than the boys. However, in both the cases, boys outperformed the girls.
Changing expectations of gender roles in Bangladesh: The case of female field staff of BRAC
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2012-06) Ali, Rumana
This study aimed to analyze the situation of female staff of BRAC working at field level. Here, the study tried to find out how women were negotiating between their traditional gender roles and the new roles offered by that organization, as well as the gap between gender policy of the organization and the reality women were experiencing. The study took theoretical reference of different forms of patriarchy, gender division of labour, the public-private dichotomy, national imaginary of ideal woman of Bangladesh, as well as the literature about the endeavor of BRAC to bring out women from their traditional image. Qualitative techniques (In-depth interview and informal discussion) had been used for data collection. To interpret and analyze the content of both interviews and discussions, the technique of content analysis was used. The findings reveal women’s experience in workplace which was dominated by the patriarchal ideology in spite of the organization’s effort to make the workplace women-friendly through its policies. The findings suggest that any organization that aims to bring social change and gender relations needs to work both at ideological and policy levels to make the policy more effective and to ensure a women-friendly workplace.
Assessment of BRAC’s enhancing social capital project
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2011) Islam, Md. Akramul; Khan, Ashrafuzzaman
BRAC embraces a holistic approach towards development that is integrated with village organization (VO). To uphold and maintain the integrity and norms of BRAC VOs, Community Empowerment Programme (CEP) of BRAC initiated the Enhancing Social Capital (ESC) project in 2010. This study aimed to assess the progress in VO discipline in ESC project areas. We used a quasi-experimental design to understand the achievements of this project. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to collect data from 264 VOs representing experimental and control group. The findings reveal that experimental VOs were performing better than control ones, particularly in sanitation, family planning, VO discipline, participation in local shalish, etc. The location of VO sometimes constrained project’s staff in attending VO activities in time. Thus, coordination between ESC and micro-finance staff should be improved to achieve ESC project objectives.
Profile of the adolescent girls: findings from the baseline survey for Social and Financial Empowerment of Adolescents (SoFEA) program
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2011-06) Bhattacharjee, Anindita; Das, Narayan C.
Women’s empowerment is one of BRAC’s core objectives. Ensuring the strong development of the adolescent female population is a fundamental component to ensure long-term empowerment of women. BRAC initiated the ‘Adolescent Development Programme’ (ADP) and the ‘Employment and Livelihood for Adolescents’ (ELA) programme in 1993 and 2000, respectively. To further this objective, BRAC has launched a new programme called the ‘Social and Financial Empowerment of Adolescents’ or SoFEA, which combines successful features of ADP and ELA as well as promising new initiatives. SoFEA targets rural adolescent girls aged 11-21 years. SoFEA includes six basic components: safe space called ‘Adolescent Club’ for girls to socialize, life-skills training, livelihood training, financial literacy, savings and credit facilities and community participation. The complementary nature of these components enables the programme to provide the adolescent girls with a comprehensive support structure.
Malnutrition among Bangladeshi women in ultra-poor households: prevalence and determinants
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2010) Haseen, Farhana
Malnutrition is widespread and has been recognized as a public health problem in Bangladesh. People living in absolute poverty are more susceptible to infection, disease and malnutrition. Nearly one-quarter to one-third population of Bangladesh live under extreme poverty – they are called the ultra poor. These ultra poor are often excluded from government and even from the non-governmental poverty reduction programs like microcredit/microfinance. To reach these ultra poor, BRAC has undertaken a comprehensive program in 2001 as ‘Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction/Targeting the Ultra Poor’ (CFPR/TUP) with the aim of poverty reduction and establish a sustainable livelihood. As poverty and malnutrition are interrelated, information on important dimension of nutrition was required to see the impact of program and modify health intervention.
Microfinance and moneylender interest rate: evidence from Bangladesh
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2009-11) Mallick
The linkage between the formal and informal credit markets has long been of great interest to development economists. This paper addressed one aspect of the linkage by empirically investigating the impact of the microfinance programme expansion on the moneylender interest rates in Bangladesh, and found that moneylender interest rates increased with microfinance programme expansion. Microfinance programme expansion increased moneylender interest rates in the villages in which more loans were invested in productive economic activities than consumption. Borrowers resort to moneylenders for additional funds because of inadequate supply, unavailability of seasonal working capital from microfinance institutions, and tight repayment schedule, which in turn increased demand for moneylender loans.
Popular theatre and BRAC
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2009) Rafi, Mohammad; Rahman, Hasanur
The objectives of the study include evaluation of the popular theatre of BRAC as being performed, the extent of the messages being communicated through theatre, evaluate the changes brought about in the attitude of the attendees towards theatre, and the extent they take initiative in their development. We intensively observed two popular theatres (one organized by the Social Development Programme and the other by the Advocacy Programme of BRAC) and the catchments of these theatres. The villagers from the catchments, i.e., treatment group, were compared with a control group from villages where theatre was never held in terms of certain attributes related to theatres. Findings indicate that the programmes have standardized the process of conducting theatre without sufficient participation of the community for whom the theatres were being played. In spite of this the theatres were well communicated to the audiences, because the themes of the theatres were part of their experience. The theatres managed to conscientize them and brought a change in their attitudes. The audiences did not transform their changed attitude into action for development because they considered the theatres as entertainment only. They did not have a sense of ownership to it as they were not a part in the selection of the play, organizing it and acting in the theatre.
Cost-benefit analysis of CFPR
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2008-03) Sinha, Sinha; Gidwani, Jyoti; Das, Narayan Chandra
This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of the first cohort (2002-03) of selected ultra poor (SUP) households of BRAC’s CFPR. The analysis calculates benefit of the programme using primary data collected through a set of surveys. Benefit is measured as the increase in expenditure on food consumption, increase in medical expenses and/or income foregone from workdays lost as a result of an increase in the (financial) capacity to take such decisions, and increase in net financial and housing assets of the SUP households compared to not selected ultra poor (NSUP) households. As the social worth of improved expenditure is higher for poorer households, different social weights have been assigned to the benefit accrued by different sub-categories of households. Households were categorized on the basis of either per capita income or per capita energy consumption of SUP households in 2002. An alternative calculation of benefit has also been carried out by comparing the increase in per capita income of SUP households with that of NSUP households. Using the consumption indicators it has been found that at a 12% discount rate and a 12-year life of benefits, the benefit-cost (B-C) ratio is 5.07, while using the income method the B-C ratio is 3.83. Sensitivity analysis of the B-C ratio using consumption indicators shows that within a reasonable range of assumptions from relatively pessimistic to reasonably optimistic the B-C ratio lies in the range 3.12-6.23 allowing for discount rates of 10 to 15% and the life of benefits in the range of 10-15 years. The analysis shows that the special investment programme of CFPR represents productive use of development funds for the benefit of ultra poor households in Bangladesh with obvious implications for additional investment.
Taking doctors where the ultra poor are: assessment of the panel doctor scheme of CFPR/TUP programme
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2007-05) Ahmed, Syed Masud; Hossain, Mohammad Awlad
To facilitate access of ultra poor households to qualified allopathic care, especially for moderate-tosevere and chronic morbidities, the Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction/Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR/TUP) programme appointed a panel of doctors in its Area Offices. This study was carried out to assess the current status of this ‘panel doctor’ scheme, identify its problems and prospects from a participatory perspective, and suggest remedial measures for future improvement. Two upazilas from each of the 12 CFPR/TUP regions where the scheme is running for more than one year were included in the survey. Research activities included inventory of physical facilities, participant observation of the services provided, and exit interviews of the patients coming for treatment in these 24 sites. In addition, in-depth interviews with 12 panel doctors and six focus group discussions with groups of health workers and the community people were done. Findings reveal that the scheme was received favourably by the ultra poor and the beneficiaries were satisfied with the services of the panel doctors. However, some concerns were raised with respect to responsiveness of the scheme as also financial restrictions imposed such as capping the costs of medicines and lab tests. These issues need some rethinking in order to improve the ability of the scheme to mitigate the income-erosion consequences of ill-health for the ultra poor households and contribute to their efforts at sustainable livelihood.
Changes in gender roles and relations in GQAL households: impact of GQAL
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2016-12) Ali, Rumana; Upoma, Raihana Azim; Saha, Polin Kumar
The objective of this study was to explore the impact of Gender Quality Action Learning (GQAL) Programme initiated by Gender Justice and Diversity (GJ&D) Programme during the period of 2007-2011. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches to achieve its goals. The data collection tools used here were survey, focus group discussion (FGD), case study and census. Here, a village with maximum GQAL intervention in 2007- 2011 was selected for census to know the status of that community on selected indicators. The data was collected from five districts of Bangladesh in June-July 2014.The impact was measured by comparing the data between respondents with intervention and those without intervention. The study revealed that after receiving GQAL message, men achieved positive attitude towards gender division of labour as well as women’s role in decision making. Women also experienced decreased physical violence after intervention. In addition to various recommendations, the study suggested to have mechanism through which it can follow-up the situation of programme recipients for sufficiently longer period of time after intervention.

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