Akter, MariyaRoknuzzaman A.S.M.Shahriar, MohammadIslam, Sardar Mohammad AshrafulBhuiyan, Mohiuddin AhmedQusar, M.M.A. ShalahuddinKabir, Eva RahmanIslam, Rabiul2026-08-192026-08-192024-06-01Akter M, Roknuzzaman ASM, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Ahmed Bhuiyan M, Qusar MMAS, et al. (2024) Evaluation of serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels in major depressive disorder: A case-control study. PLoS ONE 19(6): e0305734. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305734193262032-s2.0-85196424547https://hdl.handle.net/10361/29261Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in daily activities. The objective of this study was to investigate whether levels of macrophage inflammatory protein- 1β (MIP-1β) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2) in the blood were associated with the pathophysiology and development of MDD compared to healthy controls (HCs). Methods This case-control study was conducted involving 50 MDD patients and 38 HCs. We performed a comprehensive assessment to match age, sex, BMI, and socio-demographic profile between the groups. The study excluded participants with chronic infection, inflammatory diseases, coexisting psychiatric disorder, history of liver and kidney diseases, and individuals who are under antipsychotic medications. A professional psychiatrist diagnosed MDD patients and evaluated HCs based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) criteria. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression (Ham-D) rating scale. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to quantify the serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels. Results The results indicated elevated serum MIP-1β levels (207.73±24.24 pg/ml) in MDD patients compared to HCs (58.77±9.14 pg/ml). This difference in concentration is positively correlated with severity of disease symptoms (r = 0.451; p<0.001). Similarly, the levels of MCP-2 were found to be elevated in patients compared to controls (143.61±19.92 vs. 56.84±4.02 pg/ml; p = 0.003), with a positive correlation with the Ham-D scores (r = 0.373; p = 0.004). Conclusion According to this study, elevated levels of MIP-1β and MCP-2 may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of MDD. These increased serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels could be used as risk assessment tools for MDD. The present findings urge further research and the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for depression. © 2024 Akter et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.9 pagesen-UStrueAdultBiomarkersChemokine CCL2Chemokine CCL4Depressive disorderMajorFemaleHumansMaleMiddle agedDepression, Mental--Physiological aspects.Mental illness--Pathophysiology.Chemokines.Article10.1371/journal.pone.0305734