Sustainable business models in artificial intelligence-integrated nursing: A qualitative study of opportunities and risks

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the opportunities and risks of sustainable business models in AI-integrated nursing, as perceived by nurses, nursing educators, nurse researchers, administrators, and policymakers. A qualitative design grounded in an interpretivist paradigm was adopted. Data were collected through 41 semi-structured interviews and three focus groups. Transcripts were thematically analyzed following Braun and Clarke's framework. The analysis generated four overarching themes: (1) opportunities for sustainable nursing practice, (2) patient-centered sustainability benefits, (3) organizational and economic dimensions, and (4) risks and challenges to sustainable AI models. Participants highlighted AI's role in reducing administrative burden, improving patient safety, supporting professional growth, and strengthening institutional resilience. However, concerns were raised about data security, ethical dilemmas, resistance related to professional identity, and financial or infrastructural barriers. AI has strong potential to support sustainable nursing systems when accompanied by robust governance, policy alignment, and workforce empowerment. Addressing ethical, cultural, and infrastructural challenges is vital to ensure AI integration enhances rather than disrupts nursing practice and contributes to equitable, patient-centered care.