Exploring men’s knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards menstruation: a qualitative study in Kallyanpur slum of Dhaka

Abstract

Introduction: Menstruation and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) remains an underexplored topic in patriarchal societies like Bangladesh, where cultural stigma and misconceptions hinder open discussions about menstruation. This study explores men’s knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward menstruation in Kallyanpur slum of Dhaka, aiming to fill the research gap and encourage greater male participation in MHM practices. Methodology: Using a qualitative approach, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with men aged 23-47 years in Kallyanpur slum. Participants were purposively sampled, and semi-structured interview guidelines and case vignettes facilitated discussions. Data were transcribed and analysed using framework analysis to identify patterns and themes related to men’s knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards menstruation. Findings: While participants demonstrated basic awareness of menstruation, significant knowledge gaps and misconceptions exist, often shaped by limited exposure and societal taboos. The primary source of information for men was their wives, with schools and formal education playing no role in educating men. Men expressed stigma toward menstruation, labelling it as impure, and exhibited hesitation in discussing it with others outside their marital relationships. Despite these barriers, there was a strong willingness to support women during menstruation by helping with household chores and purchasing menstrual products. Participants emphasized the need for NGO-led awareness campaigns to normalize conversations about menstruation and debunk myths. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for comprehensive educational interventions to address men’s knowledge gaps and foster positive attitudes toward menstruation. Men’s involvement in MHM is critical for reducing stigma and improving menstrual hygiene practices. Recommendations include incorporating MHM into school curricula and using NGOs to conduct targeted awareness programs for men in urban slums.