Vitamin D status and associated biochemical profiles among rickshaw pullers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in South Asia despite abundant sunlight, and outdoor workers are often assumed to be protected due to prolonged sun exposure. This cross-sectional study assessed vitamin D status and associated biochemical parameters among 152 male rickshaw pullers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected through interviews, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical analyses. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Vitamin D insufficiency was observed in 43.4% of participants, while 56.6% had sufficient levels; no participants were deficient. The mean serum vitamin D concentration was 31.39 ± 7.61 ng/mL. Vitamin D levels were not significantly associated with socio-demographic, occupational, or lifestyle factors. Dyslipidemia was common, with elevated triglycerides and total cholesterol observed in 36.8% and 34.2% of participants, respectively. Smoking was significantly associated with higher triglyceride levels (p = 0.004). Regarding electrolytes, potassium levels were within the normal range for all participants. However, calcium abnormalities were frequent, with 40.8% below and 23.7% above the normal range, while mild deviations were also observed for chloride and CO₂ levels. Despite extensive sun exposure, vitamin D insufficiency remains prevalent, highlighting the need for integrated occupational health interventions.