Air pollution in Bangladesh: A systematic review of trends, health impacts and policy responses

Abstract

Purpose: Air pollution is a serious issue for the environment and public health in Bangladesh. The fast growth of industries, urban areas and use of fossil fuels has risen in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels which exceed global air quality standards. This study focused at trends in air pollution, its health and economic effects, the main sources of pollution and how effective current policies are in Bangladesh. Methodology: A systematic review approach was used to collect and analyze data from 38 academic and institutional sources. The study employed a two-round screening process to refine relevant studies. Key data points were extracted on air quality trends, health consequences, economic costs and policy responses. The analysis has incorporated long-term air pollution trends, mortality rates, GDP loss and policy effectiveness. Findings: PM2.5 levels in Bangladesh, particularly in Dhaka have increased significantly by reaching 106 µg/m³ in 2021 which is far exceeding the WHO-recommended limit of 5 µg/m³. Air pollution causes over 200,000 early deaths each year. In Dhaka, it shortens life expectancy by more than eight years. Health impacts include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, with children being the most vulnerable. The economic impact of air pollution in Bangladesh is significant. Healthcare costs and lost productivity related to air pollution are around $11 billion each year, which is about 4.4–4.8% of the country’s GDP. The main sources of pollution include brick kilns, vehicle emissions, industrial activities, construction dust and pollution from neighboring countries. Bangladesh has implemented regulations such as the Air Pollution Control Rules 2022 and the National Air Quality Management Plan (NAQMP) for the years 2024 to 2030. However, the enforcement of these regulations is still remain insufficient and there is a lack of effective measures to address pollution which are originating from neighboring countries. Conclusion: Air pollution in Bangladesh is a growing crisis that requires urgent intervention. Effective enforcement of regulations, modernization of brick kilns, improvement in vehicle emission standards and regional cooperation are crucial steps to take. Expanding air quality monitoring, raising public awareness and implementing economic incentives can further mitigate the pollution. A multi-sectoral and long-term strategy is essential to keep public health better and ensure sustainable development.