Words we dare not say: a sociolinguistic study of the usage of swear words among the Bangladeshi young generation

Abstract

This phenomenological study examines how speakers in Dhaka use and evaluate profanity across English and Bangla, and why such language persists despite the social frown. A qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with nine participants revealed that acceptability is context-bound. Participants typically avoided strong language with elders and in formal settings, although they used it with close peers and in private digital spaces. Code-switching functioned as a resource for a perspective. Because it seemed "lighter," English profanity was frequently used for jest, sarcasm, or emphasis, but Bangla carried more impact and social danger, particularly in familial or hierarchical situations. Online discussion and media circulation expanded the repertoire and made some English-language topics more common among young people. There were clear generational differences, with older speakers upholding more extensive restrictions while younger speakers were more tolerant of commonplace profanities but still enforcing strict boundaries surrounding identity-targeting insults. Participants also differentiated “colorful” profanity from harmful abuse, with tone, relationship, and audience shaping that boundary. Current judgments mirrored a lengthy historical pattern; identity-based phrases were deemed inappropriate, sexual and vulgar language were widespread but context-sensitive, and religious oaths were viewed as sensible. The results together show that cursing is an effective tool for boundary-setting, solidarity, and managing emotions. The study offers a multilingual, Global South viewpoint on taboo language and offers helpful advice for platforms, workplaces, families, and classrooms to put more emphasis on audience, purpose, and possible damage than on word lists.