Prevalence and risk factors ofbBacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a review

Abstract

Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial condition marked by a reduction in Lactobacilli and an over proliferation of facultative and anaerobic bacteria in vaginal fluid. Despite receiving minimal attention, it has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm labour and delivery, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and postpartum infections. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a prevalent vaginal infection defined by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiome, namely a decrease in Lactobacillus species and an increase in anaerobic bacteria. This syndrome is especially common during pregnancy, with an estimated prevalence of 10–30% among pregnant women globally, influenced by geographic, ethnic, and healthcare variables. Bacterial vaginosis, although frequently asymptomatic, can lead to vaginal discharge, malodorous emissions, and discomfort when symptoms are present. Importantly, even in asymptomatic instances, bacterial vaginosis presents considerable dangers to maternal and newborn health, such as premature labor, low birth weight, and postpartum infections. Demographic variables (e.g., age, race, socioeconomic level), behaviors (e.g., unprotected sexual activity, douching), and medical history influence its prevalence during pregnancy. Hormonal fluctuations and alterations in vaginal pH during pregnancy increase vulnerability. Diagnosis generally entails clinical evaluation utilizing Amsel criteria or Nugent scoring, while therapy predominantly consists of antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin, taken judiciously due to possible pregnancy-related hazards. The recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is a problem, requiring ongoing surveillance and control in prenatal care. Future studies must concentrate on novel preventative techniques, enhanced comprehension of the vaginal microbiome-pregnancy correlation, and customized care methodologies to alleviate associated hazards. Thorough prenatal care, encompassing early BV screening, especially in high-risk groups, is essential for protecting mother and newborn health. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is significant. The World Health Organization guidelines advocate for the screening and treatment of symptomatic pregnant women. This recommendation should encompass all pregnant women diagnosed with HIV infection. Research is required to elucidate the biological mechanisms of bacterial vaginosis that contribute to preterm birth and low birthweight and explore antenatal interventions that may effectively disrupt these pathways.