Advances in anti-inflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis

Abstract

This study aims to provide clinical and scientific information about the effects of various anti-inflammatory medicines on patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We also discussed the anti-inflammatory strategies and molecular mechanisms being investigated in preclinical or clinical CVD research. Numerous studies on anti-inflammatory medicines for CVD have resulted from greater knowledge of how innate and adaptive immunity influence plaque development and rupture. Some of these are now being evaluated in clinical trials and use lower dosages of existing medications that were initially developed for other inflammatory disorders with a high risk of CVD, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Other research includes retrospective and meta-analyses of clinical trials that examine the risk of CVD among individuals with various inflammatory diseases. We also included natural bioactive compounds, nanodrug and multiomics approaches to treat CVD by utilizing inflammatory pathways. Chronic subclinical inflammation is a major contributor to the development of CVD and has been associated with both the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), interleukins-1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6), leukotrienes, and adiponectin, have been identified as independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and promoters of arterial development. Researchers are looking for ways to stop the different inflammatory pathways that lead to atherosclerosis. These include multiomics approach, antioxidants, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, leukotriene pathway inhibitors, Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors, non-inhibitors anti-inflammatory drugs (like methotrexate), IL-1 inhibitors, and p-selectin inhibitors.