3D bioprinting for regenerating COVID-19-mediated irreversibly damaged lung tissue

Abstract

While the tension of COVID-19 is still increasing, patients who recovered from the infection are facing life-threatening consequences such as multiple organ failure due to the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in different organs. Among all the complications, death caused by respiratory failure is the most common because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infects lung’s type II epithelial, mucociliary, and goblet cells that eventually cause pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which are responsible for the irreversible lung damage. Risk factors, such as age, comorbidities, diet, and lifestyle, are associated with disease severity. This paper reviews the potential of three-dimensional bioprinting in printing an efficient organ for replacement by evaluating the patient’s condition. © 2022 Author(s). This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited