A narrative review of the risk factors, molecular alterations and epigenetic dysregulation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

Oral cancers, generally referred to as Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) or Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC), are a group of cancer that originates in the squamous cells in the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck. Although uncommon in developed countries, it is notoriously prevalent in developing and undeveloped countries, notably due to poor oral health. This disparity has contributed to the dearth of research in oral cancer, leading to poor diagnosis, prognosis, and mortality rates. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid consumption. Bangladesh has the highest incidence and death rates, highlighting the poor state of oral cancer prevention and treatment, attributed to the cost of screening programs, limited localised research and literature, and prevalent of poor oral health. Dietary factors, infections, and genetic mutations also contribute to OSCC development. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, chromatin remodelling, and non-coding RNAs also influence OSCC development. Understanding these factors is vital for improving OSCC prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies globally.